- Author
-
Clifton, J. R.
|
Brown, P. W.
|
Frohnsdorff, G. J. C.
- Title
- Survey of Uses of Waste Materials in Construction in the United States.
- Coporate
- National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC
- Report
-
NBSIR 77-1244,
July 1977,
- Distribution
- Available from National Technical Information Service
- Keywords
-
construction materials; industrial wastes; reclamation; solid waste disposal; fly ash; slags; refuse disposal; rocks; spoil; phosphate deposits; aluminum industry; cements; calcium sulfates; sludge disposal; combustion products; by-products; slimes; demolition
|
limestone
- Identifiers
- waste recycling; mine wastes; dredge spoil; cement industry; phosphate industry; limestone scrubbing; red mud
- Abstract
- This survey covers the sources, amounts and disposal of major mining, industrial and municipal wastes available in the 48 conterminous states of the United States along with their present and potential uses as construction materials. In this report wastes from mining, industrial and municipal sources are treated separately and in that order. This is the order of decreasing amount of usable wastes available from each major classification. Wastes from mineral, metallic ore and coal mining operations are covered in Section 2. Industrial wastes are treated in Sections 3 to 5, with Section 3 describing a variety of important wastes which have found few markets; by-products from coal combustion, which are examples of wastes for which there are growing markets, are discussed in Section 4; and Section 5 covers slags, by-products which are already extensively used as aggregates in construction but for which there may be higher value uses. Municipal wastes, including municipal refuse, incinerator residue, glass, demolition waste and sewage sludge, are the subject of Section 6. Then Section 7 is directed towards some potential wastes which may be generated in substantial amounts by emerging technologies related to energy production and environmental protection. Obstacles to and incentives for the increased use of waste materials in construction are discussed in Section 8.