- Author
- Ohlemiller, T. J.
- Title
- Forced Smolder Propagation and the Transition to Flaming in Cellulosic Insulation.
- Coporate
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
- Journal
- Combustion and Flame, Vol. 81, No. 3&4, 354-365, September 1990
- Sponsor
- Department of Energy, Washington, DC
- Contract
- DE-AI01-76PRO6010 DE-AI05-850R21513
- Keywords
- air flow | cellulosic materials | insulation | smoldering
- Abstract
- It is well known that a smoldering fuel responds to an increased oxygen supply by becoming faster and hotter until, eventually, flames erupt. This sequence is examined quantitatively for thick horizontal layers of a permeable fuel, i.e., cellulosic insulation. Two configurations are possible, forward and reverse smolder; both were investigated experimentally. Reverse smolder was shown to respond only weakly to an increased air flow and it exhibited no transition to flaming at flow velocities up to 5 m/s. Forward smolder responded strongly to increased air flow and yielded transition to flaming at about 2 m/s for untreated material. The influence of combustion retardants was also examined; these include boric acid, a smolder retardant, and borax, a flaming retardant. Both prevented the transition to flaming in the absence of adjacent flammable material but are less effective in its presence. The overall response of these various fuel mixtures and configurations suggests that both kinetics (via leading edge heat transfer effects) and oxygen supply rate (not the latter alone) play substantial roles in dictating smolder response to an air flow.