- Author
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Title
- Use of Respiratory Protection Among Responders at the World Trade Center Site: New York City, September 2001.
- Journal
- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 51, 6-8, September 11, 2002
- Distribution
- WEBSITE: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm51SPa2.htm
- Keywords
- World Trade Center | protective equipment | fire fighters | rescue | training | information dissemination | management systems | respirators | self contained breathing apparatus | injuries | protective equipment
- Identifiers
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); percentage of firefighters who used respiratory protection during and following the World Trade Center attacks, by time period and type of respirator -- New York City, September 2001
- Abstract
- The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11, 2001, created an occupational health and safety challenge for New York City (NYC) firefighters and rescue workers responding to the disaster. Immediate respiratory hazards included explosions, fire, falling debris, and dust clouds containing particulate matter comprised of pulverized building materials. Ongoing risks included lingering particulate matter in the air and intermittent combustion products from initial and persistent fires beneath the rubble pile. Because the nature and extent of exposures in disaster situations are complex and difficult to characterize, the use of adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), including respiratory protection, is essential in protecting the health of firefighters and other rescue workers. During the weeks after September 11, the NYC Fire Department's Bureau of Health Services (FDNY-BHS) and CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) organized a collaborative study to evaluate occupational hazards and exposures for these workers, including their use of respiratory protection. This report summarizes the results of that study, which indicate that the majority of firefighters did not use adequate respiratory protection during the first week of the rescue/recovery operation. The study population consisted of the approximately 11,000 FDNY firefighters present at the WTC site during the first week of the disaster. The cross-sectional study used a stratified random sample of firefighters, categorized by arrival time at the WTC. The study was conducted during October 2--5 and included a questionnaire (self-administered through touch-screen computer), medical evaluation, spirometry, and blood/urine collection for biomonitoring assays. The 53 questions elicited arrival time, number of days worked at the WTC, work activities, and use of PPE (including respiratory protection) during each day worked at the WTC during the first 2 weeks. The medical evaluation was mandatory, but participation in the research study was voluntary and required informed consent.