- Author
- Pitts, W. M.
- Title
- Wind Effects on Fires.
- Coporate
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
- Journal
- Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 17, 83-134, 1991
- Keywords
- wind effects | urban fires | mass fires | fire storms | fire research | detonation | fire spread | fire brands | flame whirls | fire behavior | wind tunnels
- Abstract
- Urban mass fires are relatively infrequent events which have historically resulted in immense losses of life and property. Mass fires often have occurred as the result of natural disasters or warfare. The development of nuclear weapons has increased the likelihood of urban mass fires due to the high level of thermal radiation generated by a nuclear detonation. There are a large number of wind-fire interactions which are important in the initiation, development and spread of these large fires. Dramatic examples include the extremely high winds and fire whirls which are often generated by such fires. Other effects such as wind-aided fire spread, fire brand spotting, and the effects of the atmospheric turbulent boundary layer can contribute significantly to the growth and behavior of mass fires. In this review characteristics of the two types of mass fire--fire storm and conflagration--are discussed. Brief histories of urban mass fire and research efforts on this topic are given. Models which have been developed to predict the initiation, development, spread, and behavior of mass fires following the detonation of a nuclear device in an urban environment are summarized. The current understanding of the fire processes which are believed to control mass fire behavior are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the wind-fire interactions mentioned in the last paragraph. This discussion forms the basis for an analysis of the effectiveness of existing models for mass fire growth and behavior. It is concluded that the understanding of the important physical processes is incomplete and that models for mass fire development and behavior are likely to be subject to large and uncharacterized errors. The possibility of improving our understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes utilizing reduced-scale experiments is assessed. This review is based upon a National Institute of Standards and Technology internal report (NISTIR 89-4049, May 1989) entitled "Assessment of Need for and Design Requirements of a Wind Tunnel Facility to Study Fire Effects of Interest to DNA" which was prepared for the U. S. Defense Nuclear Agency.