- Author
-
Kedzierski, M. A.
- Title
- Effect of CuO Nanoparticle Concentration on R134a/Lubricant Pool Boiling Heat Transfer With Extensive Analysis.
- Coporate
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
- Report
-
NISTIR 7450,
September 2007,
33 p.
- Keywords
-
heat transfer
|
lubricants
|
boiling point
|
additives
|
copper
|
nanotechnology
|
tests
|
refrigerants
|
mixtures
|
uncertainity
|
nanoparticles
- Identifiers
- copper (II) oxide; refrigerant/lubricant mixtures; test surface
- Abstract
- This paper quantifies the influence of copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticle concentration on the boiling perfonnance of R134a1polyolester mixtures on a roughened, horizontal flat surface. Nanofluids are liquids that contain dispersed nano-size particles. Two lubricant based nanofluids (nanolubricants) were made with a synthetic polyolester and 30 nm diameter CuO particles to a 4 % and a 2 % volume fraction, respectively. As reported in a previous study for the 4 % volume fraction nanolubricant, a 0.5 % nanolubricant mass fraction with R134a resulted in a heat transfer enhancement relative to the heat transfer of pure R134a1polyolester (99.5/0.5) of between 50 % and 275 %. The same study had shown that increasing the mass fraction of the 4 % volume fraction nanolubricant resulted in smaller, but significant, boiling heat transfer enhancements. The present study shows that use of a nanolubricant with half the concentration of CuO nanoparticles (2 % by volume) resulted in either no improvement or boiling heat transfer degradations with respect to the R134a/polyolester mixtures without nanopartic1es. Consequently, significant refrigerant/lubricant boiling heat transfer enhancements are possible with nanopartic1es; however, the nanopartic1e concentration is an important detennining factor. Further research with nanolubricants and refrigerants are required to establish a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that control nanofluid heat transfer.